life expectancy of an infantry soldier in vietnam

Lucky you. They kept coming up the hill bringing more bodies to me until all seven had been found. I was in 2nd Platoon and carried the platoons No. Then he said youre on a FB, the enemy always knows your location, can pretty much attack at will, and you really dont have the capability to retreat. Different jobs have different life expectancy. I picked up my M60 and walked to the center of the perimeter, where I found the company commander, Capt. Was No. We had run patrols for about a month when I first saw action. I had yet to fire a shot with No. They were not randomly selected but simply the best at doing it. The CACF is the basis for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial (The Wall): Average age of 58,148 killed in Vietnam was 23.11 years. Thanks for the perceived loss and the countless assassinations and torture visited upon Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians goes mainly to the American media and their undying support-by-misrepresentation of the anti-War movement in the United States. Cause-specific . 2) by my research, medics suffered 93% casualties with about 33% deaths. No. Both served in A 2/18 1st Infantry Division. Assigned to HHC 1/77 Armor, 1st, BDE 5th Inf. Most of us have memories of these kind of experiences. It means, IF (!) Anyway I was wondering about the RTOs in a grunt platoon, was that their MOS or were they 11B that carried a PRC ? Point, slack and compass. https://open.spotify.com/show/5Th7BCpIKDE1hVTqNL3u0Q. happened. This has been going on for about a week Every time I try to watch a video on Youtube from my laptop I get instantly redirected to "gslbeacon.ligit.com." Still, militarily, the Tet Offensive was a total defeat of the Communist forces on all fronts. An interesting comment I had. The first thing my platoon sgt. More importantly, Grandstaff was very gung-ho. Welcome home!! I loved it. 4 Charlie Ranallo, were on No. Good article. It was a daily challenge to know who your real enemy was. Really no mention of the regular rifleman. Mi hermana se sorprende N-F C-F Cl-F F-F 2 Answers C-F is the most polar. The gas-operated, belt-fed gun had a maximum rate of fire of 550-650 rounds per minute. My first tour was as an advisor to the VN Abn. I was never formally trained as an RTO. That same day, I along with 3/4 others was transported to Long Bhin Post. What was the average life expectancy of a soldier in Vietnam? In our spare time we did medevacs and medcaps for the local communities and when required inserted SEALs . Our Aussie Dust off choppers had door gunners, we worked on the theory if the Noggies would shot at Red Cross choppers, we would return fire, Aussie grunt, 60000 00 Aussies fought in Vietnam, Up the Old Red Rooster and more beer. Both served in A 2/18 1st Infantry Division. Everyone in the company hit the dirt. Never knew they had life expectancy stats. In Company A, 22 men had been killedadded to the seven killed in Company B. Welcome Home Roger. Remember he wanted to reenlist for one more year in Vietnam. We could not see any enemy soldiers, but we could see smoke coming from their weapons through the trees. The three of us had trained together at Fort Lewis and were good friends. There were also wounded. Different strokes for different folks in war fer sure. Take out the power center, youve got the edge. I was a grunt with c co. 4/31 196th it inf bade. The Vietnamese pilot who dropped the napalm in error is currently living in the United States. As a result, less than one percent of all Americans wounded, who survived the first 24 hours, died. Our battalion operated at a base camp near Tuy Hoa in Phu Yen province along the South China Sea from October 1966 to January 1967. If you were an administrative officer or clerk in an air-conditioned trailer in Saigon, your war might be a lot like peacetime duty. I applaud the courage and difficult and all so dangerous job of Roger Herforth when he served as an RTO for the Hawk Recon Platoon of the 101st airborne division in Vietnam.. The average man who fought in World War II was 26 years of age. Vietnam veterans' personal income exceeds that of our non-veteran age group by more than 18 percent. My shit got weak and a sniper popped three rounds in my young ass. I was an Infantry Scout Dog handler. The average age of the men killed: 23.1 years. News media have reported tha an American commander ordered the air strike that burned Kim Phuc.Those are incorrect. It was very nearly my last. Some were constantly exposed to combat, some not so often. Amen I was a machine gunner for 7 months 503rd infantry 173rd airborne and you hit the nail right on the head. And dug Berms, in the area. US Wings is a verified SAM Contractor and DLA Supplier and is officially listed as a manufacturer/retailer in the US Department of Commerce's Office of Textile and Apparel (OTEXA) Made in the USA database. Ed, I was in a Grunt Platoon in Vietnam 70-71. C Co, 1st-12th 66-67. The Statistics in the Combat Area Casualty File (CACF 11/93) show an average age of death much higher than that of news reports. To cut the Ho Chi Minh Traila week after the mission endedthe trail was booming with business from the north.. That was supposed to be 58, 220. but wait, there are more numbers for the same story. I was trained as a RTO in 1970 at Fort Ord then went to Fort Gordon for teletype school, my MOS was 05C20 when I finished. Contents1 [] 0 (many of the Soviet casualties were POWs, though). It resulted in the death of some 45,000 NVA troops and the complete, if not total destruction of the Viet Cong elements in South Vietnam. Shermans had fairly thin armor (76mm at the thickest compared to a Tiger with 180mm at the thickest with most around 100mm). The average age of the 58,148 killed in Vietnam was 23.11 years (Although 58,169 names are in the Nov. 93 database, only 58,148 have both event date and birth date. After every officer in our company was either killed or had serious wounds, our 1st Sgt , David McNerney took over the company and without his leadership, and knowledge of war, and unbelievable courage, our company would probably have been wiped out. . 67-67 11B 4th Id. No. Flipping the safety off, I scanned the jungle in front of me. I watched in horror as four NVA soldiers ambled through the branches of a downed tree that partially concealed us. The Republic of Vietnam lost 1,018 aircraft and helicopters from January 1964 to September 1973. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Soldiers also act in the mobilization of vehicles, weaponry, troops, and more. 1 Gun more than I did. In that time 4 us kia and 4 wounded. Eventually I found a spot where the bed leveled off and began firing on the NVA. Wow I was 31.8 Gun shot Carried model 1200 Winchester shot gun WIA May 68 Article was great. For example, life expectancy of Veterans at age 25 population, thus 3.6 and 0.5 life-years smaller income differentials for male and female Veterans, respectively, shown in Tables 17 and 18. I DISAGREETHE ENEMY WOULD SHOOT THE GUY NEXT TO THE RTO-KNOWING HE WAS THE COMMANDER. Both halves quickly swept toward the river to clear the village. Americans who deliberately killed civilians received prison sentences while Communists who did so received commendations. 2,709,918 Americans served in uniform in Vietnam. We were all in our Bunkers, and at the ready with our weapons. That means you lose five RTOs in 5 seconds. Vietnam War soldiers In total, the United States military lost in Vietnam almost 10,000 aircraft, helicopters and UAVs (3,744 planes, 5,607 helicopters and 578 UAVs). I think convoy truck drivers had one of the most dangerous job. I look over to Answer (1 of 12): It heavily depends. THE MAN I INHERITED THE GUN FROM WASNT SO LUCKY. Keep in step with US Wings Join our newsletter to receive all our latest news and offers, Example: Yes, I would like to receive emails from US Wings. Ernest, Im glad that your first tour with the VN airborne was rewarding. However, inaccurately reported, the News Media made the Tet Offensive famous. Ordered to reinforce the unit, the Company B commander put our four platoons abreast of each other, and we marched west. Vietnam War the helicopters that came in to transport soldiers were the hardest hit with mass casualties . Tumbling end over end, the canisters exploded in a white-hot fireball. As a point of reference, Patterson explained that combat troops in World War II, on average, spent 36 days in a combat environment; the average infantryman in Vietnam spent 245 days in constant. Both served in A 2/18 1st Infantry Division For some reason, the written word of this article was somehow deleted and lost. by Zita Ballinger Fletcher 1/18/2022. You seen the enemy you shots him and vice versa. 99% of infantry men will currently live to die of natural causes. A soldier or Marine in Vietnam had a 98% chance of survival if he was evacuated within the first hour of being injured the best odds in the history of American warfare up to that time. hb```8fB cBLd2>Tb jz1@E; aK6Tmc.Nn"&gn7hj'wm,h d6p4u0`&88:,TMV& y@ b=e>a&^ >{2b`ZHE3psn QZ I served in A Company 3/22 of the 3rd Brigade 4th Infantry 12/66, then Hq Co 2/12 of the 3rd Brigade 25th Inf until the night of the TET offensive end of January 1968 and returned home July 18 1968. Prayers for all. Address: 561 E Hines Hill Road Hudson, Ohio 44236 Phone: 1-800-650-0659 / 330-655-5050 Fax: 330-653-3750 Email: [emailprotected], Retail Store Hours: Monday-Friday: 9am - 5pm EST Saturdays: 10am -3pm (Oct-Jan) Sundays: Closed. Over 600 Navy FMF Hospital Corpsmen were killed in Vietnam. Love this analysis. Screaming Eagles! Soldier,this is a wardont forget that, and anytime we are in a fight we will be toughest SOBs in the fight!! I had to rely on my gun more than before. The average age of the 58,148 US Servicemembers killed in Vietnam was 23.11 years (CACF) Going backwards (Apr. Carrying a dead man some 300 yards through thick jungle in 100-degree heat was extraordinarily difficult. 87% of Americans hold Vietnam Veterans in high esteem. General Vo Nguyen Giap, the designer of the Tet Offensive, is considered by some as ranking with Wellington, Grant, Lee and MacArthur as a great commander. But, once the enemy lays down his weapon, I want YOU TO REMEMBER THREE THINGS: 1, HE IS A SOLDIER, JUST LIKE YOU.2, HE IS AWAY FROM HOME And family, just like you. Papitto Opportunity Connections Mission: The Papitto Opportunity Connection (POC) is a private foundation dedicated to listening and working together with Rhode Islands BIPOC communities to empower and create individual success stories by investing in education, job skills training, and entrepreneurial ventures. What were the life expectancies of soldiers during the VietnamWar? Information presented by SFC (Ret) David Hack. Learned a lot from him. Photo above is of Stanley Kober with RTO, John Scheur. 1 Gun over my shoulder, grabbed a corner of a poncho and stumbled off with three other soldiers. I know this is a standard cliche, but it is so true, All gave some. Now we know. Sure but so was everyone else who went 12 months without getting killed or wounded. I spent my year in Vietnam with the 1/22nd infantry part of the 4th division. One was holding a carbine. As I made it back to the road I remember seeing the I never even got a shot off. Both were infantry in WW2. Sgt. The casualty rate in the current war today is a fraction. Fact: 86% of the men who died in Vietnam were Caucasians, 12.5% were black, 1.2% were other races. Company A searched in vain for the platoon in the dark and finally found the shattered unit on the morning of May 19. Nicknamed "the pig" due to its size, weight and sound, the gun struck fear into enemy troops. 75,000 Vietnam veterans are severely disabled. We flew north, then made a stop, in Cam Rahn Bay. I wasnt aware that they kept life expectancy statistics. So do us all a favor and please learn to be tolerant, intelligent, and active. 2 Gun team, Ranallo and May, without any support. THANKS! RIght there and the NVA we were usually up against knew this. I flew Dustoff and our unit did not have M60s for protection, nor did any other Dustoff unit that Im aware of. (tirotactico.net). %%EOF I applaud your courage as I know an RTOs job is essential, difficult (carrying the weight of his radio transmitter, his rifle, his ammo, and his rucksack), and dangerous as the enemy surely wanted to knock out any communications for support. General Westmoreland quoting Douglas Pike (a professor at the University of California, Berkeley), a major military defeat for the VC and NVA. Soon I could take the gun apart and put it back together in the dark. Over the next two months, we exchanged fire with groups of the NVA. Robert Sholly, standing with Platoon Sgt. The average age of the 58,148 US Servicemembers killed in Vietnam was . Needless too say I depended on Sgt. 1ST MAW 66-68. Es ridculo que t ______ (tener) un resfriado en verano. LUCK pure LUCK. The average time lapse between wounding to hospitalization was less than one hour. So I guess I defied the odds. Thats why they called us GRUNTS ! US Wings is a veteran-owned business and an official supplier to the US Military. The earliest casualty record contains a date of death of . !We dont abuse prisoners Now, if he reaches for his weapon to continue the fight BLOW HIS ASS AWAY THIS AINT SUNDAY SCHOOL!!! We can all hold our heads high and be proud of our service. The jungle seemed to want No. a RTO got killed, it happened within 5 seconds but not that always ALL RTOs got killed. 1 gun! Everyone laughed. According to the American War Library, as of February 28, 2019, it is estimated that approximately 610,000 Americans who served in land forces during the Vietnam War or in air missions over Vietnam between 1954 and 1975 are still alive to this day. It was the silent power of the pig, I suppose. I had scary thoughts about myself humping the bush as a RTO, I was a real puny guy back then. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. I kept the radio because I understood the power of having the first communication with the support mechanisms of the military. The key may be the word initial since we became more savvy with successive combats and had improved survivability. Point was the safest place to be,they knew to wait for key elements, RTO, Medica, M60 Gunners. Then we learned, appx: 1 mile to our North was, an American AMMO storage area. There were usually 3 man (At least 2) point teams. I remember hearing somewhere about an RTO who wasnt getting the info out correctly and the Lieutenant (Kennedy) grabbed the mic and said My RTO Is Foxtrot Uniform. 11,465 of those killed were younger than 20 years old. Activated in 1915, as the 173rd Infantry Brigade, the unit saw service in World War II but is best known for its actions during the Vietnam War. It was an honor indeed to serve with some of the finest soldiers I have ever met. I am 81 now and survived the encounter by terminated the sniper. It weighed 24 pounds, was 43.5 inches long and had bipod legs that folded down to stabilize the weapon when firing from a prone position. "And in seizing the firm land at the . Company B arrived in-country with four rifle platoons, and each platoon was armed with two M60s. Sure, its softer than it was before, but the training they go through is intense, something a loser who spends his time on the computer all day attacking people he doesnt know anything about and all the facts CANNOT do. They were all up there scanning the terrain and looking for signs. No combat assignments for another year of service in Vietnam or get out in about a month. (and yes, you cant ask them, so it would have to be derived from the AA-reports and survivors). What was the average life expectancy of a soldier in World War II? He served as a sergeant with the Big Red One in Lai Khe, Vietnam. Was a door gunner and crew chief for just shy of 18 months (I extended to get out early). From the Landing Zone, we were carried not too far. U.S. Wings is a manufacturer and a supplier. Jimmy aaja, jimmy aaja. I got shot on a mission with 45 days left. From 1957 to 1973, the National Liberation Front assassinated 36,725 Vietnamese and abducted another 58,499. A dense mass of elephant grass hung over the riverbank, and he ducked under it. It is Honor in the Valley of Tears. I was a point man, M60 Gunner and squad leader. Units would send a thorough report of their KIA and WIA, battle action coordinates, estimated enemy troop strength, enemy unit KIA/captured and any known direction heading. They were glad to see me as it had been a while for replacements with the unit. Walked point way to many times but never had contact. Appx: 6 months in, all of the 543d TC joined forces with the 572d TC. We looked for cover and returned fire the best we could. I carried the PRC-25 for most of a year. 58,148 were killed and 304,000 wounded out of 2.7 million who served. I do remember when I got short I thought about it a lot more. If anything went wrong, I could easily kill some of our soldiers. Without that commitment, Communism would have swept all the way to the Malacca Straits that is south of Singapore and of great strategic importance to the free world. The trailer for that video can be seen by googling the title, and it might still be sold on Amazon. In fact, after the 5-year post-service period, the rate of suicides is less in the Vietnam veterans group. Calculate the pH of a solution of 0.157 M pyridine.? Soon after, Pfc. A battery of big 155 mm howitzers blasted the tiny platoon perimeter, tearing trees out of the ground and hurling chunks of red-hot shell splinters through the air. Unable to reach Company A, my company pulled back, formed a perimeter and called in air and artillery support. The average infantryman in Vietnam saw about 240 days of combat in one year thanks to the mobility of the helicopter. sweep team,then I heard the choppers and they were blowing the hell out in the tree line then it just got so quiet like nothing The rule of thumb was , any new guys would get the radio and keep it until another new guy came in. Corrections and confirmations to this errored index resulted in the addition of 358 U.S. military personnel confirmed to have served in Vietnam but not originally listed by the Department of Defense (All names are currently on file and accessible 24/7/365). US Wings recently added to OTEXA's Made in U.S.A. He was wounded and suffered permanent disability shortly before his tour was up. I remember hearing a Lieutenant (Kennedy) say to one of his two platoon RTOs My RTO is Foxtrot Uniform. If youre American (which you probably are), I could give a f***. It didnt matter who you were or where you were. His best friend is 86 and still alive. The rolling fire burned everything to the ground and undoubtedly killed scores of NVA. Calculate the pH of a solution of 0.157 M pyridine. The 4th Platoon survivors stayed put for the night. And us the living that served, who suffer from PTSD ,that figure or percent-aged would be about the greatest of all. It was reported as an overwhelming success for the Communist forces and a decided defeat for the U.S. forces. I was with HHC and 1st Platoon C Company in 70-71. I put the M60s bipod legs down, lifted the weapon and positioned it on the ground outside the streambed facing the NVA. One out of every 10 Americans who served in Vietnam was a casualty. Does this mean addressing to a crowd? In the few firefights and skirmishes we had with local VC, the gun always performed well. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. 76% of the men sent to Vietnam were from lower middle/working class backgrounds. If there was anything to this life expectancy of a few minutes then myself and many of my friends that are still alive today would be a long time dead. In Service to My Men | Article | The United States Army Commanders like him were few and far between many were afraid of their own shadow and were only there to get their ticket punched. The NVA had wedged a blocking force between our company and Company A, preventing us from advancing any farther. An infantry platoon commander in combat had an average of 6 weeks life expectancy. I am convinced the same NVA soldier who shot at me moments before had killed my good friend, a budding doo-wop singer from Long Island, New York. I never understood why they didnt put M60s on Medevacs (once the VC shot them down) but then, we now know they never intended to win that war in the first place. Vietnam Veterans were the best educated forces our nation had ever sent into combat. rice farmer who was still working with is ox like nothing ever In Vietnam he cut the hair of everyone in his company for free. Our home base was Quang Tri fire Base, But I spent about 6 months out at Mai Loc with the rig. If youre a foreigner, I respect what you think, but make sure you read ALL your facts, and dont come to rash conclusion until you know everything from BOTH sides. 1 Gun kept a lot of enemy heads down. It was one of my most memorable tours in the Navy I later went to a carrier and was bored silly because I had about 1% of the responsibilities I had as an O-2. When Roeski got hit, I took over the M-60. Overrun and utterly destroyed, the 30-man 4th Platoon had suffered 21 killed and one missing. An Rtos job was essential, tough,(Carrying the extra weight of the radio transmitter along with his rucksack), and dangerous. My assistant gunner and my ammo bearer also carried 300 rounds each. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_losses_of Combatants on both sides faced physical challenges posed by the climate, terrain and wildlife of the country. I was lucky too but VN never left me. We were very, lucky. 4. We all have opinions, this is mine. Also: for years I have read those life-expectancy numbers never really understanding them, but also noting that they wildly vary. of what was usually 5 or 6 going in and many times the leads would find traps, punji pits or the VC waiting. Arthur Parker and Spc. Wortman, another RTO never made it back to The World. Then one hot, sunny day, while walking across rice paddies, we suddenly received small-arms fire from Viet Cong in some distant hills. Proudly holding my M60 over my head, I screamed at the top of my lungs, No. Military history of African Americans in the Vietnam War At that time, an infantry company consisted of about 150 men. 1 Gun and I survived our first firefight. 15 May he was killed by friendly fire, and a host of us were WIA, myself included. I was an M-60 machine gunner for a battalion recon platoon in 1967, for the First Infantry Division, Known as The Black Scarf Battalion. Im laying behind a rice paddie dike.I put my whole body as far down in the muck while the bullets were over my head. Look for the blue accessibility symbol floating on every page of our website and click on it to tailor your viewing experience to your particular disability. 101st Airborne Division. I credit my longetivity to great training at Ft Benning. I was shot down on my very first mission in July 1968. And yes, please God, bless America. His body was torn to pieces. Theres 58,276. We went out typically in two boat patrols one lead one cover . Opinion | What a Combat Medic Still Carries - The New York Times Deltoid muscle _____ 2. 6 Answers They say Kali Ma Theyre referencing this scene from the movie Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom: What is the life expectancy of an army infantry soldier? In total, the 7th Infantry spent four years in Vietnam. I was wasting ammo and didnt even have a target! MEDEVAC helicopters flew nearly 500,000 missions. I never saw any correlation as to what MOS a soldier was and their survival rate. Thanks for the reply. I for one commend you for your courage and thank you for your service to your country. The fact that PDoggbiker cant find any decent calculation/explanation, tells us a lot. That was a hell of a responsibility to take on. I always found life expectancy numbers interesting in that I could never find any supporting information that could be validated. If the enemy was near, we never saw any. 1 Gun onto a small hill and provide security while others retrieved them. I traveled to Fort Lewis, Washington, and trained there for 10 months before deploying to Vietnam as specialist 4. The Bn & Company I was assigned to, was on the last row of Bldgs. After a couple of hours, the Viet Cong stopped shooting and melted back into the jungle. Bravo, 3/187th Inf, 101st Airborne Div, 2nd Plt, 2nd Sq, Hamburger Hill, May 69. So I guess i lasted longer than I was supposed to. Were talking averages, obviously so, an RTO, with an expectancy of 5 seconds (!) 74% say they would serve again, even knowing the outcome. In January 1967, the 1st Battalion, 8th Infantry, was airlifted to Pleiku province in the Central Highlands. If it had been up to me, I would have awarded my gun the CIB too. .. (LogOut/ If you ask people who live in these countries that won the war in Vietnam, they have a different opinion from the American news media. I was an RTO for 9-1/2 months for Hawk Recon 2/327 101AB from dec, 1969 to sept 70. The machine gun was also mounted in the UH-1 Huey helicopter and other Army aircraft. I am 16 years old an 150 pounds qith some good muscle. 4 Bill May and Spc. The death squads focused on leaders at the village level and on anyone who improved the lives of the peasants such as medical personnel, social workers, and school teachers. US Wings provides aviation apparel to the U.S. Government and commercial customers along with the general public. The blasts from the AMMO, really lit up the whole area. They were also in a circular formation. The ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand stayed free of Communism because of the U.S. commitment to Vietnam. We ambushed and got ambushed, firebase got attacked who carried what or did what had no bearing. We wanted a break. TONY DISAGREED> hE SAID TAKE A 19 YEAR OLD, WHO HAS JUST TAKEN TWO ROUNDS TO HIS BODY, And IS watching his best friend die from multiple, bleeding wounds he wont give a shit about the Geneva Convention. Some unfortunately also came home with physical scars. They also struggled with logistical problems and the complex political situation in Vietnam. The next morning, the blasting could still be, heard. I was stationed on 2 FSBs (8 & 175mm guns) west of Tay Ninh on the Cambodian boarder in the Ho Chi Minh trail and was wounded but nothing as bad as he was. All the comments and replies are of absolute truth, I was only 18 when I got to Nam ,Im a country boy from NC so here I am Now, the wisdom of this soldier tough but humanly compassionate warrior ethos can be assessed through the 2d Bn recordNO complaints about mistreatment of prisonerswhile achieving the most combat SUCCESSES IN THE BRIGADE. From Cam Rahn, we kept flying north to, a Landing Zone near QUANG TRI. Nevertheless, I swung No. 2: role (MOS?). Totally bogus. Lived too tell about it. I am one lucky SOB. An infantry platoon commander in combat had an average of 6 weeks life expectancy. Despite initial victories by the Communists forces, the Tet Offensive resulted in a major defeat of those forces. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Life Expectancy of the World Population. Black fatalities amounted to 12 percent of all Americans killed in Southeast Asia, a figure proportional to the number of blacks in the U.S. population at the time and slightly lower than the proportion of blacks in the Army at the close of the war.. We were discussing the different units and dangers of each. We then took all Trucks and equipment to the Port Of Saigon. Approximately 70% of those killed in Vietnam were volunteers. To keep busy on the boat ride to Vietnam, my unitCompany B, 1st Battalion, 8th Infantry Regimentheld competitions where we took the gun apart and put it back together while blindfolded to see who could do it fastest. Sometimes on Family Guy when there about to take someones heart out they say, calimar or maybe its spelled different.

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